il 12  (R&D Systems)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Tissue-adapted NK cells shape pathogenic cDC1 niches in early arthritis

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.01.716870

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Violin plots detailing normalised XCL1 , XCL2, and CCL5 expression across annotated immune cell types in paired blood and synovial fluid (CITE-seq, n = 11). b , Frequencies (left) and geometric mean fluorescence intensities (geoMFI; right) of XCL1 + NK cells, calculated as a percentage of total NK cells (gated as live, Lin - CD3 - CD7 + events) in blood ( n = 8) and synovial fluid ( n = 7; 7 paired, 1 unpaired) following a 6-hour unstimulated culture containing brefeldin A and monensin. c , Representative flow cytometry of intracellular XCL1 in total NK cells stimulated for up to 4 hours with PMA and ionomycin, with brefeldin A and monensin. d , e , Enrichment scores for transcriptional modules associated with cytokine-stimulated NK cells ( d ) and antigen-receptor T cell activation ( e ) within NK subpopulations. f , Absolute change in XCL1 + NK cell frequency relative to unstimulated controls in paired blood and synovial fluid ( n = 8) following ex vivo stimulation with cytokines (IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18) or equimolar bead-conjugated activating receptor antibodies (actR; targeting CD2, CD226, CD244, NKG2D, NKp30, and NKp46). g , Quantification of XCL1 protein in paired serum and synovial fluid from patients with JIA, measured by ELISA ( n = 7). Bars indicate the mean ± s.d. Statistical significance was determined using paired two-tailed t -tests (restricted to the 7 matched pairs for b ), paired two-tailed t -tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction ( d ), and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test following four-parameter logistic regression ( g ).

Article Snippet: We performed cytokine stimulations with IL-12 (10 ng/mL, Miltenyi, 130-096-704), IL-15 (10 ng/mL, Miltenyi, 130-095-760), or IL-18 (100 ng/mL, MBL International, B001-5).

Techniques: Expressing, Fluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Activation Assay, Ex Vivo, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Inflammatory arthritis irAE may represent a unique autoimmune disease primarily driven by T cells but likely not autoantibodies

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea4262

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A to G ) PBMCs from the patients with irAE were cultured in the plate coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (10 μg/ml) in the presence of IgG1 isotype control or anti–human IL-6R (50 μg/ml), anti–human IL-12p40 (50 μg/ml), and anti–human IFNAR1 (50 μg/ml) for 3 days; n = 9. (A) Expression of CD38 and CD127 on CD8 + T cells. Right: Percentage of CD38 + CD127 − CD8 + T cells. (B and C) CD8 + T cells activated for 5 days were restimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and monensin for 5 hours. (B) Expression of granzyme B and IFN-γ. Right: Percentage of granzyme B + IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells. (C) Expression of perforin and IFN-γ. Right: Percentage of perforin + IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells. [(D) and (E)] MFIs of GluCy5 (D), TMRM, and MTDR (E) in CD8 + T cells were presented. [(F) and (G)] CD4 + T cells activated for 5 days were restimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and monensin for 5 hours. (F) Expression of IL-21 and IL-2. Right: Percentage of IL-21 + IL-2 + CD4 + T cells. (G) Expression of CD38 and CXCR5 on CD4 + T cells. Right: Percentage of CD38 + CXCR5 − CD4 + T cells. Data in graphs represent mean ± SEM. Significance was tested paired Student’s t test [(A) to (G)].

Article Snippet: PBMCs from patients with irAE were thawed and rested in a complete medium for 1 hour and then activated with plate-coated anti–human CD3 and anti–human CD28 (10 μg/ml) with IgG1 isotype control (Bio X Cell, catalog no. CP174) or a combination of anti–human IL-6R 50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0014), anti–human IL-12p40 (50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0020), and anti–human IFNAR1 (50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0022) for 3 days.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: BLAST: A blue light-assisted secretion toolkit tunable by reversible protein-protein interactions

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.30.715452

Figure Lengend Snippet: Secretion of therapeutic proteins with a-BLAST and d-BLAST. (a) The human preproinsulin (preproINS) construct contains a signal peptide, B-chain (yellow), C-peptide (dark gray), and A-chain (yellow), with engineered Furin cleavage sites flanking the C-peptide for maturation. To facilitate efficient processing within the Golgi apparatus, Furin protease was co-transfected with the BLAST modules. (b) Kinetic profiling of light-induced insulin secretion. Summary graphs of secreted C-peptide levels, quantified by ELISA, as a proxy for insulin secretion from a-BLAST (left) and d-BLAST (right). Both systems exhibited significant, time-dependent insulin release starting from 2 h of illumination (8.2-fold for a-BLAST, 8.4-fold for d-BLAST), reaching maximal induction at 24 h (13.8-fold for a-BLAST, 19.3-fold for d-BLAST). (c) Plasmid configurations for IL-12 secretion. Schematic of the heterodimeric cytokine IL-12-a-BLAST (left) and d-BLAST-IL-12 (right) constructs. (d) Kinetic profiling of light-induced IL-12 secretion. Summary graphs showing IL-12 secretion levels measured by ELISA. Significant secretion was observed starting at 3 h for a-BLAST (2.5-fold) and 2 h for d-BLAST (2.2-fold). At the 24 h time point, d-BLAST (4.7-fold) demonstrated a slightly higher dynamic range compared to a-BLAST (4.5-fold). Open circles represent individual measurements from three biologically independent samples. Data are presented as means ± S.D. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (ns = not significant, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Similarly, IL-12 secretion was measured using a Human IL-12 p70 ELISA Kit (R&D Systems; Catalog #D1200) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Construct, Transfection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: BLAST: A blue light-assisted secretion toolkit tunable by reversible protein-protein interactions

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.30.715452

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional validation of optogenetically secreted IL-12 using a reporter cell assay. (a) Schematic of the experimental workflow for bioactivity validation. The protocol spans 5 days. HEK293T cells transfected with BLAST-IL-12 were subjected to dark or blue light conditions for 24 h (Day 3). On Day 4, the conditioned media containing secreted IL-12 was harvested and transferred to HEK-Blue™ IL-12 reporter cells (seeded on Day 3). After a 24 h incubation to allow for signal transduction, SEAP activity was quantified (Day 5). (b) Plasmid configurations. Schematics of the a-BLAST-IL-12 (upper) and d-BLAST-IL-12 (lower) constructs used for the assay. (c) Illustration of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the reporter cells. Binding of secreted IL-12 to the IL-12 receptor complex activates Tyk2/JAK2, leading to STAT4 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated STAT4 dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus to induce SEAP expression. (d) Summary graph of SEAP activity induced by the conditioned media. The results confirm that both systems secrete biologically active IL-12 upon blue light stimulation, exhibiting robust fold changes (12.4-fold for a-BLAST and 11.3-fold for d-BLAST) compared to the dark control. Data are presented as means ± S.D. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Similarly, IL-12 secretion was measured using a Human IL-12 p70 ELISA Kit (R&D Systems; Catalog #D1200) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Transfection, Incubation, Transduction, Activity Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Construct, Binding Assay, Phospho-proteomics, Expressing, Control